The Art of Soap-making: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet ... by Alexander Watt

Author:Alexander Watt
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: C. Lockwood and son
Published: 1896-03-25T05:00:00+00:00

520

TaUow 500

Palm-oil 300

Besin.*. 200

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a

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Palm-oil 450 lbs.

Cocoa-nut oil 60

500

Lard 650

Palm-oil 160

Cocoa-nut oil 60

Clarified resin 50

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n

ft

1000 800

Adulteration of Commercial Silicate of Soda. —The

sample in question gave on analysis, according to M. F. Jeau'—

8oda combined with silica 8*54

Carbonate of soda 6'36

Soda soap 2*00

Silica 21-40

Ferric-oxide, alumina, and traces of lime 0*74

Alkaline chloride and sulphates 0*66

Water 60*05

Matter not determined, and loss 0*25

The sample of silicate of soda contained, therefore, 2 per cent, of anhydrous soap, but as such a solution

* *' Art of Manufacturing Soap/' &c. By Adolphe Ott.

forms a jelly on cooling, the object of its introduction was evidently to thicken the silicate, giving it the appearance of a very concentrated product, and to prevent its strength being taken with the hydrometer.

Soaps for Calico-printers. —^The soap used by calico-printers for clearing alizarine work must be very neutral, the alkali being not only kept down in quantity, but its thorough combination with the fatty acids secured by very careful boiling. The superiority of the madder purples for which the firm of Hoyle and Sons were long famous was due to their practice of re-melting the best soaps procurable with an additional quantity of palm-oil.

Fulling Soaps. —For use in woollen manufacture a genuine potash oil-soap has been found in practice superior to all others. Resin gives harshness to the fibre of wool, so must not therefore on any account be used. Soda also injures the suppleness of the wool, so in discarding it the manufacturer follows the teachings of Nature. The natural lubricant of wool, called suintf is a kind of potash soap, containing a bare trace of soda. Silicates also must not be used; if present they are decomposed in the process of fulling, &c., and deposit free silica, which grates on the fibre and injures its lustre.

To prevent the boiling-over of the Copper, a piece of machinery called a " fan " is used at some soap-works. This consists of a revolving paddle furnished with blades which touch the top of the boiling matter.

Small Jacket-pans may be made from the alloy of aluminium and bismuth of the Crown Aluminium Company, instead of silver, which possesses the advantage of being cheaper, harder, and less fusible than the more costly metal.

Falm-kemel Oil. —The Diamond Oil Company of Liverpool recently favoured the author with a sample of this oil, which would appear to be a useful material in soap-making, judging from its firmness at the temperature of 70°. It bears a strong resemblance to cocoa-nut oil.

Cotton-seed and Falm-nut Oils.— On account of the high price of tallow, these oils are almost indispensable to

the soap manufacturer. Both oils are commonly used together for making hard soaps, cotton-seed oil being particularly useful in summer, on account of the large proportion of stearine (about 30 per cent.) it contains, which renders the soap more compact and capable of withstanding the action of higher temperatures. Crude cotton-seed oil has a reddish-brown colour, and when intended for exportation is usually treated with soda. The oil thus refined has a density of 0*926, and solidifies at about 2^ C.

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